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Cover image for The ecology of cyanobacteria: their diversity in time and space
Title:
The ecology of cyanobacteria: their diversity in time and space
ISBN:
9780792347354
Publication Information:
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers , 2000.
Physical Description:
669 s. ; 26 sm.
Abstract:
The ecology of cyanobacteria<br>Their diversity in time and space<br><br><br>Brian a. whitton molcom potts<br><br><br>Contents<br>List of Authors v<br>Preface xvii<br>Colour Plates xix<br>1 Introduction to the Cyanobacteria 1-11<br>Brian A. Whitton and Malcolm Potts<br>Summary \ 1<br>I. What are Cyanobacteria? 1<br>II. Ecological Diversity in the Past and Present 1<br>III. Morphological Diversity 3<br>IV. Taxonomy 4<br>V. Molecular Ecology 7<br>VI. Interactions with Other Organisms 8<br>VII. Blooms and Toxins 8<br>VIII. Cyanobacteria as Health Food 8<br>I.. Use of Cultures and Culture Media 9<br>.. The Future 9<br>References 10<br>2 The Fossil Record: Tracing the Roots of the Cyanobacterial Lineage 13-35<br>J. William Schöpf<br>Summary 13<br>I. Tracing the Roots of Cyanobacteria: Progress and Problems 14<br>II. Ancient Cyanobacteria 17<br>III. How Old is the Cyanobacterial Lineage? 24<br>IV. Paleobiology: Fossils, Geology, and Geochemistry 25<br>V. Paleobiology: Final Arbiter of Competing Theories 32<br>Acknowledgements 33<br>References - - 33<br>î Cyanobacteria in Geothermal Habitats 37-59<br>David M. Ward & Richard W. Castenholz<br>Summary 37<br>I. Introduction 38<br>II. Distribution of Thermophilic Cyanobacteria Based on<br>Morphology and Enrichment Culture 38<br>III. Distribution of Cyanobacteria Based on<br>Molecular Analysis 43<br>IV. Physiological and Behavioral Ecology of Cyanobacteria<br>of Geothermal Habitats 50<br>V. Conclusion 56<br>Acknowledgements 56<br>References 56<br>Cyanobacterial Mats and Stromatolites 61-120<br>Lucas J. Stal<br>Summary 62<br>I. Introduction 62<br>II. Microbial Mats, Stromatolites and their Environments 63<br>III. The Organisms: Cyanobacteria that Build Microbial Mats 71<br>IV. Motility, Chemo- and Phototaxis of Cyanobacteria in Microbial Mats 75<br>V. Carbon Metabolism 78<br>VI. Calcification in Mats and Stromatolites 90<br>VII. Nitrogen Metabolism and Nitrogen Fixation 95<br>VIII. Cyanobacteria and the Sulfur Cycle in Microbial Mats 105<br>I.. Interactions of Cyanobacteria with Iron 108<br>.. Phosphorus in Microbial Mats 110<br>.I. Conclusions 111<br>Acknowledgements 112<br>References 112<br>Marine Plankton 121-148<br>Hans W. Paerl<br>Summary 121<br>I. Introduction 122<br>II. Key Functional Groups of Marine Planktonic Cyanobacteria 123<br>III. Planktonic Cyanobacterial Habitats: Physical, Chemical<br>and Biotic Considerations 128<br>IV. Synthesis: The Ecosystem Perspective 142<br>Acknowledgements 144<br>References 144<br>Freshwater Blooms 149-194<br>Roderick L Oliver and George G. Ganf<br>I. Introduction 150<br>II. Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria 150<br>III. Distribution 151<br>IV. Gas Vacuoles, Gas Vesicles, Buoyancy and its Regulation 154<br>V. Mixing Regimes and Cyanobacteria 159<br>VI. Physical Control of Cyanobacteria 167<br>VII. Cell Size, Growth Rate and Temperature 169<br>VIII. Light Capture 170<br>I.. Nutrients 174<br>.. Phosphorus 175<br>.I. Nitrogen 176<br>.II. Responses of Cyanobacteria to N and P 178<br>.III. Inorganic Carbon 184<br>.IV. Grazing 185<br>.V. Concluding Remarks 186<br>References 189<br>7 Picoplankton and Other Non-Bloom Forming Cyanobacteria in Lakes 195-231<br>John G. Stockner, Cristiana Calileri and Gertrud Cronberg<br>Summary 195<br>I. Introduction 196<br>II. Sampling, Preservation and Enumeration 197<br>III. The Non-Bloom-Formers, What are They? 198<br>IV. A Common Ecology? 198<br>V. Conclusions 224<br>Acknowledgements 225<br>References 225<br>8 Soils and Rice-Fields 233-255<br>Brian A. Whitton<br>Summary 233<br>I. Introduction 234<br>II. Soils 234<br>III. Subaerial Habitats 241<br>IV. Rice-fields 244<br>V. Practical Methods 24<br>VI. Concluding Comments 249<br>References 249<br>9 Limestones 257-279<br>Allan Pentecost and Brian A. Whitton<br>Summary 257<br>I. Introduction 258<br>II. Physical and Chemical Features 258<br>III. Environments and their Characteristic Communities 259<br>IV. The Organisms 264<br>V. Deposition 267<br>- VI. Colonization, Succession and Weathering in Terrestrial<br>and Freshwater Environments 272<br>VII. Influence of Temporal Changes in Nutrients 274<br>VIII. Concluding Comments 275<br>Acknowledgements 276<br>i References 276<br>10 Salts and Brines 281-306<br>Aharon Oren<br>Summary 282<br>I. Introduction 282<br>II. Hypersaline Environments and their Cyanobacterial Communities 283<br>III. Physiological Properties of the Major Halophilic Cyanobacteria 289<br>IV. Anoxygenic Photosynthesis by Cyanobacteria in<br>Hypersaline Environments 292<br>V. Osmotic Adaptation of Cyanobacteria Living at<br>High Salt Concentrations 294<br>VI. Interactions Between Cyanobacteria and other Microorganisms<br>in Hypersaline Environments 299<br>VII. Biotechnological Aspects of Halophilic Cyanobacteria 300<br>VIII. Conclusions 301<br>Acknowledgements 301<br>References 301<br>11 Oil Pollution and Cyanobacteria 307-319<br>Samir S. Radwan and Redha H. AI-Hasan<br>Summary 307<br>I. Introduction 307<br>II. Composition of Crude Oil 307<br>III. Biodegradability of Hydrocarbons 308<br>IV. Cyanobacteria in the Biogenesis of Oil 309<br>V. Hydrocarbon-Degradation Potential of Cyanobacteria 31<br>VI. Concluding Remarks 316<br>Acknowledgements 316<br>References 316<br>12 Cyanobacterial Dominance in the Polar Regions 321-340<br>Warwick F. Vincent<br>Summary 321<br>I. Introduction 322<br>II. Habitats and Communities 323<br>III. Biodiversity and Endemism 330<br>IV. Ecophysiology of Polar Cyanobacteria 330<br>V. Why Do Cyanobacteria Dominate (Or Not)? 335<br>Acknowledgements 337<br>References 338<br>13 Cyanobacteria in Deserts - Life at the Limit? 341-366<br>D.D. Wynn-Williams<br>Summary 341<br>I. A Historical Perspective 342<br>II. Diversity of Desert Ecosystems 344<br>III. The Organisms - Biodiversity 346<br>IV. Desert Niches and Interactions 350<br>V. Stress Factors in Arid Regions 354<br>VI. Bio-weathering and Nutrient Availability 358<br>VII. Thresholds and Extinction 359<br>Acknowledgements 362<br>References 362<br>14 Detecting the Environment 367-395<br>Nicholas H. Mann<br>Summary 367<br>I. Introduction 368<br>II. Protein Phosphorylation 369<br>III. Light/Dark and Redox Sensing 376<br>IV. Low Molecular Weight Signalling Molecules 377<br>V. Behavioural Responses 381<br>VI Alterations in Transcriptional Specificity 384<br>VII Other Signalling Processes 386<br>VIII Cross-Talk and Integration 387<br>IX Conclusions 388<br>Acknowledgements 388<br>References 388<br>15 Molecular Responses to Environmental Stress 397-442<br>Devaki Bhaya, Rakefet Schwarz and Arthur R. Grossman<br>Summary 398<br>I. Introduction _ . 398<br>II. Acclimation to Light 399<br>III. Responses to Nutrient Limitation 408<br>IV. Concluding Remarks 431<br>Acknowledgements 431<br>References 431<br>16 Metal Metabolism and Toxicity: Repetitive DNA 443-463<br>Nigel J. Robinson, Julian C. Rutherford, Mathew R. Pocock and Jennifer S. Cavet<br>Summary 443<br>I. Metal Metabolism and Toxicity 444<br>II. Repetitive DNA in Cyanobacteria 454<br>III. Concluding Remarks 459<br>Acknowledgements 460<br>References 460<br>17 Nostoc 465-504<br>Malcolm Potts<br>Summary 466<br>I. Introduction 466<br>II. Natural Communities 466<br>III. Evolution 474<br>IV. Physiology and Growth 485<br>V. Patents and Applications 494<br>VI.

A Chronology of Nostoc 495<br>VII. Epilogue 498<br>Acknowledgements 498<br>References 498<br>18 Arthrospira (Spirulina): Systematics and Ecophysiology 505-522<br>Avigad Vonshak and Luisa Tomaselli ,<br>Summary 505<br>I. Introduction 506<br>II. Morphology 507<br>III. Systematics 508<br>IV. Occurrence and Distribution 510<br>V. Physiology of Arthrospira 514<br>VI. Concluding Remarks 519<br>References 520<br>19 Symbiotic Interactions 523-561<br>David G. Adams<br>Summary 523<br>I. Introduction 524<br>II. The Symbioses and their Environmental Impact 525<br>III. The Symbionts 536<br>IV. Host-Cyanobacteria Interactions Prior to Infection 539<br>V. Host Structures and their Infection 541<br>VI. Host-Cyanobiont Interactions Post-Infection 546<br>VII. Reconstitution of the Symbioses 552<br>VIII. Concluding Remarks 552<br>Acknowledgements 553<br>References 553<br>20 Cyanophages and Their Role in the Ecology of Cyanobacteria 563-589<br>Curtis A. Suttle<br>Summary 564<br>I. Introduction 564<br>II. Taxonomy, Morphology and Evolution of Cyanophages 565<br>III. Diversity 567<br>IV. Distribution, Abundance and Seasonal Dynamics 570<br>V. Fate of Cyanophages in the Natural Environment 573<br>VI. Effect of Cyanophages on Cyanobacterial Populations 574<br>and Communities<br>VII. Environmental and Physiological Effects on Cyanophages 580<br>VIM. Lysogeny 583<br>IX. Conclusion 584<br>Acknowledgements 585<br>References 585<br>21 Cyanobacterial Responses to UV-Radiation 591-611<br>Richard W. Castenholz and Ferran Garcia-Pichel<br>Summary 591<br>I. Introduction 592<br>II. Strategies of UVR Tolerance by Cyanobacteria 599<br>III. Effects of UVR in Nature and Whole Community Responses 605<br>IV. Conclusions 606<br>Acknowledgements 607<br>References 607<br>22 Cyanotoxins 613-632<br>Crawford S Dow and Uthaya K Swoboda<br>Summary 614<br>I. Introduction 614<br>II. Poisoning Incidents 614<br>III. Wh ich Taxa are Toxic? 616<br>V. Types of Cyanobacterial Toxins 617<br>V. Toxin Analysis 622<br>VI. Ecological Implications 624<br>VII. Concluding Comments 627<br>References 627<br>Organism Index 633<br>Gene and Gene Product Index 645<br>Subject Index 649<br>
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