Engineering geology: Rock in engineering construction

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Title:

Author:

Goodman, Richard E.

ISBN:

9780471544241

Personal Author:

Goodman, Richard E.

Publication Information:

New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc , 1993.

Physical Description:

412 s. ; 25 sm.

Abstract:

ENGINEERING JEOLOGY R.E.

ogy 1 1.2 Civil Engineering 2 1.3 The Role of Engineering Geology 6 CHAPTER 2_____________________ GEOLOGY 10 2.1 Geologic Science and its Subdivisions 10 The Earth’s Materials 10 The Earth’s Processes 11 The Earth’s History 11 2.2 Mapping and Inventorying the Earth 12 The Structure and Composition of the Earth 12 Geologic Time 13 Geologic Maps 15 Mappable Units 15 2.3 Classification of Rocks 18 The Rock-Forming Minerals 18 The Main Classes of Rocks 22 Igneous Rocks 24 Sedimentary Rocks 26 Metamorphic Rocks 30 2.4 Weathering and Weathered Rocks 32 2.5 Geologic Structures 34 Folds 35 Faults 35 Joints 38 2.6 Topography and Landforms 40 2.7 Sources of Information about Geology and Engineering Geology 41 Books on Engineering Geology 41 Books on Geology 42 Books on Engineering 43 Concepts and Terms for Review 44 Sources Cited 44 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 45 3.1 Philosophy of Exploration 46 3.2 Sources of Information 47 3.3 Aerial Photo Interpretation and Remote Sensing 48 3.4 Geologic Mapping 50 Logging of Exploratory Excavations 53 3.5 Geophysical Methods as an Aid in Mapping 55 Seismic Refraction Techniques 58 Seismic Reflection Surveys 60 Electrical Methods 60 Electromagnetic Surveys 62 Magnetic Methods 63 Gravity Measurements 64 Ground-Penetrating Radar 64 3.6 Core Borings 65 Coring 65 Care and Logging of Drill Core 66 Additional Procedures and Surveys with Core and Drill Holes 67 Concepts and Terms for Review 73 Thought Questions 74 Sources Cited 75 CHAPTER 4_____________________ SHALES, SANDSTONES, AND ASSOCIATED ROCKS 77 4.1 The Mineral and Rock Grains 77 The Size Grades of Sediments 77 Clay Minerals 82 4.2 Lithification 85 Diagenesis of Sands and Gravels 85 Diagenesis of Clay/Silt Rocks 87 XV 5.4 4.3 Description of Some Epiclastic Rocks 88 Conglomerate and Gravelly Rocks (Rudites) 88 Sandstone and Arenaceous Rocks 90 Shales, Mudstones, and Other Mudrocks 98 4.4 Associations of Epiclastic Rocks Found in Nature 109 Flysch or Turbidites 109 Cyclothemic Deposits-Molasse 110 Accretionary Wedge Deposits- Melange 111 4.5 Engineering Properties of Sandstones and Conglomerates 114 Exploration Targets and Problems 114 Landslide Hazards 116 Surface Excavations 116 Foundations 118 Underground Works 121 Sandstone as a Material 122 4.6 Engineering Problems with Shales and Mudstones 122 Targets and Problems of Exploration 122 Landslide Hazards 123 Surface Excavations 124 Dams 126 Tunnels 127 Fills and Embankments 128 4.7 Engineering Properties of Sites in Sandstone and Shale 129 Exploration 130 Landslide Hazards 130 Excavations 131 Foundations 131 4.8 Case Histories 131 The Portage Mountain Dam and Powerhouse 131 Damage to a Housing Development by Mudstone Expansion 133 Shale Foundations in TVA Dams 134 A Foundation in Melange-Scott Dam 136 Excavations in Shales for Bogota, Colombia 137 Concepts and Terms for Review 138 Thought Questions 139 Sources Cited 140 CHAPTER 5 143 SOLUBLE ROCKS: LIMESTONE, DOLOMITE, AND EVAPORITES 5.1 Geology of Limestone, Chalk, and Dolomite 144 Composition 144 Biochemical Limestones 144 Chemical Limestones 146 Detrital Limestone 148 Dolomite 148 5.2 The Evaporite Rocks 153 Gypsum 153 154 155 Rock Salt Anhydrite 5.3 Solution Processes and Their Effects 157 Chemical Interaction of Water and Carbonate Rocks 157 Stages of Karstification 158 Features of Karstic Limestone 160 Sinkholes and Dolines 163 The Effect of Lowering the Ground-Water Table 166 Geologic Controls on the Formation of Karst 167 Residual Soils of Karst Regions 169 Engineering Properties of Limestones and Evaporites 170 Geologic Hazards 170 Exploration Targets and Problems 170 Surface Excavations and Transportation Routes 174 Water Supply and Waste Disposal 175 Foundations for Bridges and Buildings 175 Dams and Reservoirs 177 Tunnels and Underground Works 178 Materials of Construction 179 5.5 Case Histories 179 Failures and Near Misses from Surface Collapse over Cavities 179 Problems with Karstic Limestone in Building TVA Dams 180 Construction of a Sports Facility over Karstic Marble 183 The Grout Curtain at El Cajön Dam, Honduras 185 Problems with Gypsum Beneath Reservoirs 187 Pollution of a Karstic Reservoir- Mount Gambier, Australia 189 Concepts and Terms for Review 190 Thought Questions 190 Sources Cited 192 CHAPTER 6____________________ PLUTONIC IGNEOUS ROCKS 195 6.1 Geology of Plutonic Rocks 196 Magma 196 The Forms of Igneous Intrusions 198 Classification of Plutonic Rocks 201 6.2 Jointing in Granitic Rocks 208 Sheet Joints 208 Other Joints in Plutonic Rocks 212 6.3 Weathering of Plutonic Rocks 213 Processes of Weathering 213 Weathering Profiles 215 Classification of the Grade of Weathering 220 Definition of Zones in the Weathering Profile 224 Profile Development in Hong Kong 225 Effect of Climate and Rock Type 226 Weathering of Basic and Ultrabasic Rocks 228 İ.4 Engineering Properties of Plutonic Rocks 230 Exploration Targets and Problems 230 Hazards in Natural and Artificial Slopes 231 Excavations at the Surface 235 Foundations 235 Dams 236 Underground Works 239 Ground Water in Plutonic Rocks 241 .5 Case Histories 242 Mammoth Pool Dam, on Sheeted Granodiorite 242 A Hydroelectric Project in Malaysian Granite 244 oncepts and Terms for Review 246 hought Questions 247 Hirces Cited 248 CHAPTER 7 VOLCANISM AND VOLCANIC ROCKS 251 7.1 Volcanic Processes 252 Locations of Active Volcanism 252 Eruptive Phenomena 253 7.2 Volcanic Rocks 266 Pyroclastic Rocks 266 7.3 Volcanic Flow Rocks 266 7.4 Rock Mass Characteristics of Volcanic Formations 272 7.5 Weathering Products 273 7.6 Engineering Problems with Volcanism and Volcanic Rocks 274 Hazards to Engineering Works from Volcanism 274 Exploration of Sites in Volcanic Rocks 277 Surface Excavations and Stability of Slopes 278 Underground Excavations 279 Dams and Canals 281 Materials 283 7.7 Case Histories 286 Protection of an Icelandic Port from Volcanism 286 Round Butte Dam, Oregon 287 Concepts and Terms for Review 289 - ‘ Thought Questions 289 Sources Cited 290 CHAPTER 8________________" METAMORPHIC ROCKS 293 8.1 Geology of Metamorphic Rocks 294 Metamorphism 294 Foliation 294 Banding and Other Structures 298 Metamorphic Grade 298 Metamorphic Zoning 299 Effect of Initial Composition on Metamorphic Products 301 8.2 Important Metamorphic Rocks 302 Slate 302 Phyllite 303 Schist 303 Quartzite 305 Marble 306 Other Metamorphic Rock Types 306 İ.3 Weathering and Defects in Metamorphic Rocks 308 Weathering 308 Jointing 309 Foliation Shears 309 (.4 Engineering in Metamorphic Rocks 310 Exploration 310 Landslide Hazards 312 Surface Excavations 314 Foundations of Structures, Including Dams 317 Underground Excavations 321 Materials 324 j.5 Case Histories 324 Rock Conditions in the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area 32 Failure of St.

Francis Dam 326 Failure of Malpasset Dam 327 Concepts and Terms for Review 330 ["bought Questions 331 sources Cited 331 CHAPTER 9_____________________ ÎOCK STRUCTURE AND FAULT ACTIVITY 333 >.l Description of Geologic Structure 334 Structure Contours 334 Structure Contours for Inclined Planes-Strike and Dip 334 Apparent Dip 334 - Representation of Nonplanar Structures 336 Finding Outcrop Traces with Structure Contour Data 337 ).2 Folds 338 340 Types of Folds 338 Interpretation of Fold Morphology Outcrop Pattern of Folds 343 Interpretation of Fold Type From Stratigraphy 345 Subsidiary Fracturing and Shearing 346 9.3 Faults 348 The Vector of Net Slip 348 Apparent Versus Real Offset 349 Classification of Faults 350 Fault-Line Escarpments 351 Subsidiary Structures in the Wall Rock of Faults 352 9.4 Some Tectonic Environments 355 Block Faulting 355 Strike-Slip Fault Regions 356 Fold Belts 357 Association of Faulting and Folding 358 The Effect of Rock Type on Consequences of Deformation 358 9.5 Engineering Properties of Faulted or Folded Rock Masses 359 Shear Strength 359 Water in Fault Zones 359 Risk of Future Movements along Faults 361 9.6 Active Faults 362 Indicators of Fault Activity 362 Direct Observation of Fault Offsets in Excavations 366 9.7 Geochronology 368 The Carbon-14 Method 368 Fission Track Dating 368 Other Methods 370 9.8 Case Histories 370 Auburn Dam 370 Faults at the Site of a Proposed LNG Terminal 374 Baldwin Hills Reservoir 376 Concepts and Terms for Review 378 Thought Questions 379 Sources Cited 379 APPENDIX 382 Identification of Rocks and Minerals Minerals 382 , Rocks 383 IndeXx 387

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Library	Material Type	Item Barcode	Shelf Number	Status
Searching... Ferit Melen Library	Book	049617	624.151 GOOe 1993 k.1	Searching... Unknown

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