Geotechnical earthquake engineering

Title:

Author:

Kramer, Steven L.

ISBN:

9780133749434

Personal Author:

Kramer, Steven L.

Publication Information:

New Jersey : Prentice Hall , 1996.

Physical Description:

653 s. ; 24 sm.

Contents:

GEOTECNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING STEVEN L. KRAMER Contents Preface xv 1 Introduction to Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 1 1.3 Seismic Hazards 2 1.3.1 Ground Shaking, 2 1.3.2 Structural Hazards, 3 1.3.3 Liquefaction, 5 1.3.4 Landslides, 9 1.3.5 Retaining Structure Failures, II 1.3.6 Lifeline Hazards, 11 1.3.7 Tsunami and Seiche Hazards, 13 1.4 Mitigation of Seismic Hazards 14 1.5 Significant Historical Earthquakes 14 Contents Seismology and Earthquakes 18 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Internal Structure of the Earth 18 2.2.7 Seismic Waves, 19 2.2.2 Internal Structure, 20 2.3 Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics 23 2.3.1 Plate Tectonics, 24 2.3.2 Plate Boundaries, 29 2.4 Faults 33 2.4.1 Fault Geometry, 33 2.4.2 Fault Movement, 34 2.5 Elastic Rebound Theory 36 2.5.1 Relationship to Earthquake Recurrence, 39 2.5.2 Relationship to Tectonic Environment, 41 2.5.3 Seismic Moment, 42 2.6 Other Sources of Seismic Activity 42 2.7 Geometric Notation 43 2.8 Location of Earthquakes 44 2.9 Size of Earthquakes 45 2.9.7 Earthquake Intensity, 45 2.9.8 2.9.2 Earthquake Magnitude, 46 2.9.3 Earthquake Energy, 50 2.10 Summary 51 Strong Ground Motion 54 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Strong-Motion Measurement 56 3.2.1 Seismographs, 56 3.2.2 Data Acquisition and Digitization, 59 3.2.3 Strong-Motion Processing, 61 3.2.4 Strong-Motion Instrument Arrays, 62 3.2.5 Strong-Motion Records, 64 3.3 Ground Motion Parameters 65 3.3.1 Amplitude Parameters, 66 3.3.2 Frequency Content Parameters, 70 3.3.3 Duration, 79 3.3.4 Other Measures of Ground Motion, 82 3.3.5 Discussion, 84 3.4 Estimation of Ground Motion Parameters 84 3.4.! Magnitude and Distance Effects, 85 3.4.2 Development of Predictive Relationships, 86 3.4.3 Estimation of 3.5 Spatial Variability of Ground Motions 100 3.6 Summary 102 Seismic Hazard Analysis 1O6 Amplitude Parameters, 88 3.4.4 Estimation of Frequency Content Parameters, 91 3.4.5 Estimation of Duration, 95 3.4.6 Estimation of Other Parameters, 95 4.1 Introduction 106 4.2 Identification and Evaluation of Earthquake Sources 107 4.2.1 Geologic Evidence, 107 4.2.2 Tectonic Evidence, 113 4.2.3 teorical Seismicity, 113 4.2.3 4.2.4 Instrumental Seismicity, 114 4.3 Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis 114 4.4 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis 117 4.4.1 Earthquake Source Characterization, 118 4.4.2 Predictive Relationships, 126 4.4.3 Temporal Uncertainty, 127 4.4.4 Probability Computations, 129 4.5 Summary 138 Wave Propagation 143 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Waves in Unbounded Media 144 5.2.7 One-Dimensional Wave Propagation, 144 5.2.2 Three-Dimensional Wave Propagation, 149 5.3 Waves in a Semi-infinite Body 156 5.3.1 Rayleigh Waves, 156 5.5.2 Love Waves, 162 5.3.3 Higher-Mode Surface Waves, 164 5.3.4 Dispersion of Surface Waves, 164 5.3.5 Phase and Group Velocities, 165 5.4 Waves in a Layered Body 165 5.4.1 One-Dimensional Case: Material Boundary in an Infinite Rod, 165 5.4.2 Three-Dimensional Case: Inclined Waves, 170 5.5 Attenuation of Stress Waves 174 5.5.7 Material Damping, 175 5.5.2 Radiation Damping, J79 5.6 Summary 180 nam/c Soil Properties 184 Introduction 184 Representation of Stress Conditions by the Mohr Circle 185 6.2. / Principal Stresses, 187 6.2.2 Stress Paths, 188 Measurement of Dynamic Soil Properties 191 6.3.1 Field Tests, 191 6.3.2 Laboratory Tests, 215 6.3.3 Interpretation of Observed Ground Response, 228 Stress-Strain Behavior of Cyclically Loaded Soils 228 6.4.1 Some Basic Aspects of Paniculate Matter Behavior, 228 6.4.2 Equivalent Linear Model, 230 6.4.3 Cyclic Nonlinear Models, 240 6.4.4 Discussion, 244 6.4.5 Strength of Cyclically Loaded Soil 244 6.5.1 Definitions of Failure, 244 6.5.2 Cyclic Strength, 245 6.5.3 Monotonie Strength, 246 Summary 248 round Response Analysis 254 1 Introduction 254 2 One-Dimensional Ground Response Analysis 255 7.2.1 Linear Approach, 256 7.2.2 Nonlinear Approach, 275 7.2.3 Comparison of One-Dimensional Ground Response Analyses, 279 3 Two-Dimensional Ground Response Analysis 280 7.3.1 Dynamic Finite-Element Analysis, 281 7.3.2 Equivalent Linear Approach, 284 7.3.3 Nonlinear Approach, 286 7.3.4 Other Approaches to Two-Dimensional Ground Response Problems, 286 7.3.5 Comparison of Two-Dimensional Ground Response Analyses, 291 Three-Dimensional Ground Response Analysis 291 7.4.1 Equivalent Linear Finite-Element Approach, 292 7.4.2 Nonlinear Finite-Element Approach, 292 7.4.3 Shear Beam Approach, 293 7.4.4 Comparison of Three-Dimensional Ground Response Analyses, 294 5 Soil-Structure Interaction 294 7.5.1 Illustration of Soil-Structure Interaction Effects, 295 7.5.2 Methods of Analysis, 300 6 Summary 303 ntents xi Local Site Effects and Design Ground Motions 3O8 8.1 Introduction 308 8.2 Effects of Local Site Conditions on Ground Motion 309 8.2.1 Evidence from Theoretical Ground Response Analyses, 309 8.2.2 Evidence from Measured Amplification Functions, 310 8.2.3 Evidence from Measured Surface Motions, 312 8.2.4 Compilations of Data on Local Site Effects, 317 8.2.5 Effects of Surface Topography and Basin Geometry, 319 8.3 Design Parameters 323 8.3.1 Design Earthquakes, 324 8.3.2 Design Spectra, 325 8.4 Development of Design Parameters 327 8.4.1 Site-Specific Development, 327 8.4.2 Code-Based Development, 328 8.5 Development of Ground Motion Time Histories 340 8.5.1 Modification of Actual Ground Motion Records, 340 8.5.2 Time-Domain Generation, 341 8.5.3 Frequency-Domain Generation, 343 8.5.4 Green’s Function Techniques, 343 8.5.5 Limitations of Artificial Ground Motions, 345 8.6 Summary 345 Liquefaction 348 9.1 Introduction 348 9.2 Liquefaction-Related Phenomena 349 9.2.1 Flow Liquefaction, 349 9.2.2 Cyclic Mobility, 349 9.3 Evaluation of Liquefaction Hazards 350 9.4 Liquefaction Susceptibility 351 9.4.1 Historical Criteria, 352 9.4.2 Geologic Criteria, 353 9.4.3 Compositional Criteria, 354 9.4.4 State Criteria, 355 9.5 Initiation of Liquefaction 361 9.5.

Abstract:

/ Flow Liquefaction Surface, 361 9.5.2 Influence of Excess Pore Pressure, 366 9.5.3 Evaluation of Initiation of Liquefaction, 368 9.6 Effects of Liquefaction 397 9.6.7 Alteration of Ground Motion, 398 9.6.2 Development of Sand Boils, 400 9.6.3 Settlement, 402 9.6.4 instability, 408 9.7 Summary 417 Slope Stability 423 Introduction 423 Types of Earthquake-Induced Landslides 424 Earthquake-Induced Landslide Activity 426 Evaluation of Slope Stability 429 Static Slope Stability Analysis 430 10.5.1 Limit Equilibrium Analysis, 430 /0.5.2 Stress-Deformation Analyses, 433 0.6 Seismic Slope Stability Analysis 433 10.6.1 Analysis of Inerlial Instability, 433 10.6.2 Analysis of Weakening Instability, 450 0.7 Summary 462 Seismic Design of Retaining Walls , 466 Introduction 466 Types of Retaining Walls 466 Types of Retaining Wall Failures 467 Static Pressures on Retaining Walls 469 11.4.1 Rankine Theory, 469 11.4.2 Coulomb Theory, 472 11.4.3 Logarithmic Spiral Method, 474 11.4.4 Stress-Deformation Analysis, 475 Dynamic Response of Retaining Walls 477 Seismic Pressures on Retaining Walls 477 11.6.1 Yielding Walls, 478 11.6.2 Nonyielding Walls, 484 11.6.3 Effects of Water on Wall Pressures, 486 11.6.4 Finite-Element Analysis, 489 Seismic Displacements of Retaining Walls 489 } 1.7.1 Richards-Elms Method, 489 11.7.2 Whitman-LiaoMethod, 492 11.7.3 Finite-Element Analysis, 493 Seismic Design Considerations 494 11.8.1 Gravity Walls, 494 11.8.2 Cantilever Walls, 495 11.8.3 Braced Walls, 495 11.8.4 Reinforced Soil Walls, 500 Summary 503 12 Soil Improvement for Remediation of Seismic Hazards 5O6 12.1 Introduction 506 12.2 Densification Techniques 507 12.2.1 Vibro Techniques, 508 12.2.2 Dynamic Compaction, 510 12.2.3 Blasting, 512 12.2.4 Compaction Grouting, 513 12.2.5 Areal Extent of Densification, 514 12.3 Reinforcement Techniques 515 12.3.1 Stone Columns, 515 12.3.2 Compaction Piles, 516 12.3.3 Drilled Inclusions, 516 12.4 Grouting and Mixing Techniques 517 12.4.1 Grouting, 518 12.4.2 Mixing, 519 12.5 Drainage Techniques 521 12.6 Verification of Soil Improvement 522 12.6.1 Laboratory Testing Techniques, 522 12.6.2 In Situ Testing Techniques, 523 12.6.3 Geophysical Testing Techniques, 523 12.7 Other Considerations 524 12.8 Summary 524 A Vibratory Motion ,, 527 A.I Introduction 527 A.2 Types of Vibratory Motion 527 A.2.1 Simple Harmonic Motion, 528 A.2.2 Trigonometric Notation for Simple Harmonic Motion, 529 A.2.3 Other Measures of Motion, 533 A.3 Fourier Series 536 A.3.1 Trigonometric Form, 536 A.3.2 Exponential Form, 539 A.3.3 Discrete Fourier Transform, 541 A.3.4 Fast Fourier Transform, 541 A.3.5 Power Spectrum, 542 B Dynamics of Discrete Systems 543 B.I Introduction 543 B.2 Vibrating Systems 544 B.3 Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 544 B.4 Equation of Motion for SDOF System 545 B.4. i Equation of Motion: External Loading, 545 B.4.2 Equation of Motion: Vibration of Supports (Base Shaking), 547 B.5 Response of Linear SDOF Systems 547 B.5.Î Undamped Free Vibrations, 548 B.5.2 Damped Free Vibrations, 551 B.5.3 Response of SDOF Systems to Harmonic Loading, 553 B.5.4 Response of SDOF Systems to Periodic Loading, 561 B.5.5 Response of SDOF Systems to General Loading, 564 B.6 Damping 567 B.6.1 Viscous Damping, 567 B.6.2 Other Measures of Energy Dissipation, 569 B.6.3 Complex Stiffness, 570 B.7 Response Spectra 571 B.8 Response of Nonlinear SDOF Systems to General Loading 572 B.8.} Incremental Equation of Motion, 572 B.8.2 Numerical Integration, 574 B.9 Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 575 B. 9.1 Equations of Motion, 575 B.9.2 Undamped Free Vibrations, 577 B.9.3 Mode Superposition Method, 579 B.9.4 Response Spectrum Analysis, 581 B.9.5 Discussion, 582 Probability ConTENS 583 C.I Introduction 583 C.2 Sample Spaces and Events 583 C.3 Axioms of Probability 584 C.4 Probabilities of Events 585 C.5 Random Variables 588 C.6 Expected Values and Standard Deviations 589 C.7 Common Probability Distributions 590 C. 7.1 Uniform Distribution, 590 C.7.2 Normal Distribution, 591 C.7.3 Lognormal Distribution, 594 References 596 Index 643

Subject Term:

Deprem mühendisliği

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